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Emirate of Crete
The Emirate of Crete was a Muslim state that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete from the late 820s to the Byzantine reconquest of the island in 961. Although the emirate recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasid Caliphate and maintained close ties with Tulunid Egypt, it was ''de facto'' independent.
A group of Andalusian exiles conquered Crete in c. 824 or in 827/828, quickly establishing an independent state. Numerous attempts by the Byzantine Empire to recover the island failed disastrously, and for the approximately 135 years of its existence, the emirate (called ''Iqritish'' or ''Iqritiya'' by the Arabs〔) was one of the major foes of Byzantium. Crete commanded the sea lanes of the Eastern Mediterranean and functioned as a forward base and safe haven for Muslim corsair fleets that ravaged the Byzantine-controlled shores of the Aegean Sea. The emirate's internal history is less well-known, but all accounts point to considerable prosperity deriving not only from piracy but also from extensive trade and agriculture. The emirate was brought to an end by Nikephoros Phokas, who launched a huge campaign against it in 960–961.
== History ==
Crete had been the target of Muslim attacks since the first wave of the Muslim conquests in the mid-7th century. It had suffered a first raid in 654 and again in 674/675,〔Treadgold (1997), pp. 313, 325〕 and parts of the island were temporarily occupied during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715).〔Canard (1986), p. 1082〕 Nevertheless, the island was never conquered and despite occasional raids in the 8th century it remained securely in Byzantine hands;〔Miles (1964), p. 10〕 Crete was too far from the Arab naval bases in the Levant for an effective expedition against it to be undertaken.〔Treadgold (1997), p. 378〕
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